The AI Museum
AI Analytics1,072 recordsRecounted 23 September 2026

Language models in 2023

Weightsopenclosedunknownfrontier only
Year20262025202420232022202120202019201820172016
2 filters active, showing 45 of 1,072 recordsClear all

45

Models

36 organisations

53%

Open weights

24 open, 21 closed

5

Frontier

By Epoch's flag

1.1T

Largest traceable

PanGu-Σ

2023

Span

23 with a traceable size

Releases

by month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec

Organisation

Country

Domain

Records

45
Language models in 2023, newest first. Each row links to the source Epoch AI records for it.
ModelOrganisationReleasedParametersWeights
FunSearchGoogle DeepMind2023-1215B *Open
GQA-8-XXLGoogle Research2023-1211BClosed
Llama GuardMeta AI2023-127BOpen
Mixtral 8x7BMistral AI2023-1247B *Open
nekomata-14brinna2023-1214BOpen
AndesGPTOppo Mobile Telecommunications2023-11—Closed
BLUUMIUniversity of Turku2023-11176B *Open
Claude 2.1Anthropic2023-11—Closed
Cohere EmbedCohere2023-11—Closed
Grok-1xAI2023-11314B *Open
Inflection-2Inflection AI2023-11—Closed
Nemotron-3-8BNVIDIA2023-118BOpen
PPLX-70B-OnlinePerplexity2023-1170B *Closed
Qwen-72BAlibaba2023-1172BOpen
Qwen-Audio-ChatAlibaba2023-118B *Open
RoFormerZhuiyi Technology2023-11110MClosed
Volcano 13BKorea University2023-1113B *Open
Yi-34B01.AI2023-1134BOpen
CODEFUSION (Python)Microsoft2023-1075MClosed
FinGPT-13BUniversity of California Los Angeles (UCLA)2023-1013B *Open
Skywork-13BKunlun Inc.2023-1013BOpen
Amazon TitanAmazon2023-09200B *Closed
Falcon-180BTechnology Innovation Institute2023-09180BOpen
GPT-3.5 Turbo InstructOpenAI2023-0920B *Closed
JaisCerebras Systems2023-0813BOpen
Claude 2Anthropic2023-07—Closed
GPT3-2.7B (FlashAttention-2)Stanford University2023-073BClosed
InternLMShanghai AI Lab2023-07104BClosed
Llama 2-70BMeta AI2023-0770BOpen
Llama 2-7BMeta AI2023-077BOpen
ERNIE 3.5Baidu2023-06—Closed
GPT-3.5 TurboOpenAI2023-0620B *Closed
LTM-1Magic2023-06—Closed
CodeT5+Salesforce2023-0516BOpen
CoEdiT-xxlUniversity of Minnesota2023-0511B *Open
DPO on Pythia-2.8BStanford University2023-053BClosed
Goat-7BNational University of Singapore2023-057B *Open
PaLM 2Google2023-05340B *Closed
StarCoderHugging Face2023-0516BOpen
Incoder-6.7BFacebook AI Research2023-047BOpen
BloombergGPTBloomberg2023-0351BClosed
ClaudeAnthropic2023-03—Closed
Falcon-40BTechnology Innovation Institute2023-0340BOpen
PanGu-ΣHuawei Noah's Ark Lab2023-031.1TClosed
LLaMA-65BMeta AI2023-0265BOpen

An asterisk marks a parameter figure the source does not consider traceable to the people who built the model. That judgement is the source’s and it has false negatives: Kimi K3 is marked speculative at 2.8T while Moonshot’s own model card states the figure. Why that distinction carries the whole exhibit.

Counts are of models Epoch AI records as notable, not of every model released. The most recent month is always incomplete, because a model enters the dataset when it is reviewed rather than when it ships.

Epoch AI, 'Data on AI Models'. Published online at epoch.ai. Retrieved from 'https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models-documentation' Used under CC BY 4.0.

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