AI Analytics1,072 recordsRecounted 23 September 2026

Closed-weight models in 2021

Weightsopen closed unknown frontier only

Year2026 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016

2 filters active, showing 38 of 1,072 recordsClear all

Models

21 organisations

Open weights

0 open, 38 closed

Frontier

By Epoch's flag

1.2T

Largest traceable

GLaM

2021

Span

19 with a traceable size

Releases

by month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Records

Closed-weight models in 2021, newest first. Each row links to the source Epoch AI records for it.
Model	Organisation	Released	Parameters	Weights
ERNIE 3.0 Titan	Baidu	2021-12	260B	Closed
ERNIE-ViLG	Baidu	2021-12	10B *	Closed
GLaM	Google	2021-12	1.2T	Closed
Gopher (280B)	DeepMind	2021-12	280B	Closed
Student of Games	DeepMind	2021-12	—	Closed
T-NLRv5 XXL	Microsoft	2021-12	5B	Closed
AliceMind-MMU	Alibaba	2021-11	—	Closed
BASIC-L	Google	2021-11	3B *	Closed
Florence	Microsoft	2021-11	893M	Closed
NÜWA	Microsoft Research	2021-11	870M	Closed
ViT-G/14 (LiT)	Google Research	2021-11	3B	Closed
EfficientZero	Tsinghua University	2021-10	—	Closed
Eve	Harvard Medical School	2021-10	15M *	Closed
Megatron-Turing NLG 530B	Microsoft	2021-10	530B	Closed
Yuan 1.0	Inspur	2021-10	246B	Closed
FLAN 137B	Google Research	2021-09	137B	Closed
HyperCLOVA 204B	NAVER	2021-09	204B *	Closed
MEB	Microsoft	2021-09	135B	Closed
PermuteFormer	Peking University	2021-09	150M *	Closed
Turing ULRv5	Microsoft	2021-09	2B	Closed
Jurassic-1-Jumbo	AI21 Labs	2021-08	178B	Closed
W2v-BERT	Google Brain	2021-08	1B	Closed
Codex	OpenAI	2021-07	12B *	Closed
GOAT	DeepMind	2021-07	3M *	Closed
Adaptive Input Transformer + RD	Microsoft Research Asia	2021-06	247M *	Closed
ALIGN	Google Research	2021-06	820M	Closed
CoAtNet	Google	2021-06	2B	Closed
Fold2Seq	IBM	2021-06	12M *	Closed
ViT-G/14	Google Brain	2021-06	2B	Closed
MedBERT	Peng Cheng Laboratory	2021-05	17M *	Closed
PLUG	Alibaba	2021-04	27B	Closed
M6-T	Alibaba	2021-03	1.0T *	Closed
Meta Pseudo Labels	Google Brain	2021-03	480M *	Closed
DLWP	University of Washington	2021-02	3M	Closed
Rational DQN Average	TU Darmstadt	2021-02	2M *	Closed
top-down frozen classifier	University of Edinburgh	2021-02	—	Closed
BigSSL	Google	2021-01	8B *	Closed
DALL-E	OpenAI	2021-01	12B *	Closed

An asterisk marks a parameter figure the source does not consider traceable to the people who built the model. That judgement is the source’s and it has false negatives: Kimi K3 is marked speculative at 2.8T while Moonshot’s own model card states the figure. Why that distinction carries the whole exhibit.

Counts are of models Epoch AI records as notable, not of every model released. The most recent month is always incomplete, because a model enters the dataset when it is reviewed rather than when it ships.

Epoch AI, 'Data on AI Models'. Published online at epoch.ai. Retrieved from 'https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models-documentation' Used under CC BY 4.0.

How this museum is made

Closed-weight models in 2021

Releases

Organisation

Country

Domain

Records