The AI Museum
AI Analytics1,072 recordsRecounted 23 September 2026

Closed-weight frontier models

Weightsopenclosedunknownfrontier only
Year20262025202420232022202120202019201820172016
2 filters active, showing 52 of 1,072 recordsClear all

52

Models

23 organisations

0%

Open weights

0 open, 52 closed

52

Frontier

By Epoch's flag

540B

Largest traceable

PaLM (540B)

2006–2025

Span

20 with a traceable size

Releases

by year, from 2010
2010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025

Organisation

Country

Domain

Records

newest 50 of 52
Closed-weight frontier models, newest first. Each row links to the source Epoch AI records for it.
ModelOrganisationReleasedParametersWeights
Grok 4xAI2025-073.0T *Closed
Llama 4 Behemoth (preview)Meta AI2025-042.0T *Closed
GPT-4o (Mar 2025)OpenAI2025-03—Closed
GPT-4.5OpenAI2025-02—Closed
Grok 3xAI2025-023.0T *Closed
GPT-4o (Jan 2025)OpenAI2025-01—Closed
GPT-4o (Nov 2024)OpenAI2024-11—Closed
GLM-4-PlusZ.ai (Zhipu AI)2024-08—Closed
GPT-4o (Aug 2024)OpenAI2024-08—Closed
Grok-2xAI2024-08—Closed
Claude 3.5 SonnetAnthropic2024-06—Closed
GPT-4oOpenAI2024-05—Closed
GPT-4 Turbo (Apr 2024)OpenAI2024-04—Closed
Claude 3 OpusAnthropic2024-03—Closed
Gemini 1.5 ProGoogle DeepMind2024-02—Closed
Gemini 1.0 UltraGoogle DeepMind2023-12—Closed
GPT-4 Turbo (Nov 2023)OpenAI2023-11—Closed
Inflection-2Inflection AI2023-11—Closed
Amazon TitanAmazon2023-09200B *Closed
Claude 2Anthropic2023-07—Closed
GPT-4 (Jun 2023)OpenAI2023-061.8T *Closed
PaLM 2Google2023-05340B *Closed
GPT-4 (Mar 2023)OpenAI2023-031.8T *Closed
Flan-PaLM 540BGoogle2022-10540BClosed
U-PaLM (540B)Google2022-10540BClosed
Minerva (540B)Google2022-06540BClosed
PaLM (540B)Google Research2022-04540BClosed
GPT-3.5 (davinci-002)OpenAI2022-03—Closed
ERNIE 3.0 TitanBaidu2021-12260BClosed
Gopher (280B)DeepMind2021-12280BClosed
Megatron-Turing NLG 530BMicrosoft2021-10530BClosed
Yuan 1.0Inspur2021-10246BClosed
FLAN 137BGoogle Research2021-09137BClosed
HyperCLOVA 204BNAVER2021-09204B *Closed
Jurassic-1-JumboAI21 Labs2021-08178BClosed
GShard (dense)Google2020-062BClosed
GPT-3 175B (davinci)OpenAI2020-05175BClosed
MeenaGoogle Brain2020-013BClosed
OpenAI FiveOpenAI2019-12159MClosed
Noisy Student (L2)Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)2019-11480MClosed
AlphaStarDeepMind2019-10139MClosed
Megatron-BERTNVIDIA2019-094BClosed
Megatron-LM (8.3B)NVIDIA2019-098B *Closed
AlphaGo ZeroDeepMind2017-1046MClosed
GNMTGoogle2016-09278M *Closed
AlphaGo LeeDeepMind2016-01—Closed
AlphaGo FanDeepMind2015-108M *Closed
SAF R-CNNBeijing Institute of Technology2015-10138M *Closed
DNN EM segmentationIDSIA2012-12218,896Closed
Dropout (ImageNet)University of Toronto2012-06—Closed

An asterisk marks a parameter figure the source does not consider traceable to the people who built the model. That judgement is the source’s and it has false negatives: Kimi K3 is marked speculative at 2.8T while Moonshot’s own model card states the figure. Why that distinction carries the whole exhibit.

Counts are of models Epoch AI records as notable, not of every model released. The most recent month is always incomplete, because a model enters the dataset when it is reviewed rather than when it ships.

Epoch AI, 'Data on AI Models'. Published online at epoch.ai. Retrieved from 'https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models-documentation' Used under CC BY 4.0.

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