AI Analytics1,072 recordsRecounted 23 September 2026

Frontier vision models

Weightsopen closed unknown frontier only

Year2026 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016

2 filters active, showing 35 of 1,072 recordsClear all

Models

22 organisations

14%

Open weights

1 open, 6 closed

Frontier

By Epoch's flag

829M

Largest traceable

ResNeXt-101 32x48d

1960–2019

Span

21 with a traceable size

Releases

by year, from 2004

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Records

Frontier vision models, newest first. Each row links to the source Epoch AI records for it.
Model	Organisation	Released	Parameters	Weights
Noisy Student (L2)	Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)	2019-11	480M	Closed
ResNeXt-101 32x48d	Facebook	2018-05	829M	Open
JFT	Google Research	2017-07	45M	Not recorded
NASv3 (CIFAR-10)	Google Brain	2016-11	37M *	Not recorded
Xception	Google	2016-10	23M	Not recorded
Inception v3	Google	2015-12	24M *	Not recorded
SAF R-CNN	Beijing Institute of Technology	2015-10	138M *	Closed
MSRA (C, PReLU)	Microsoft Research	2015-02	87M	Not recorded
VGG16	University of Oxford	2014-09	138M	Not recorded
VGG19	University of Oxford	2014-09	144M *	Not recorded
SPPNet	Microsoft	2014-06	—	Not recorded
Visualizing CNNs	New York University (NYU)	2013-11	—	Not recorded
DNN EM segmentation	IDSIA	2012-12	218,896	Closed
AlexNet	University of Toronto	2012-09	60M	Not recorded
Unsupervised High-level Feature Learner	Google	2012-07	1B *	Not recorded
Dropout (ImageNet)	University of Toronto	2012-06	—	Closed
CNN Committee (MNIST)	IDSIA	2011-09	120,620 *	Closed
Deep Autoencoders	University of Toronto	2011-04	140M	Not recorded
LCNP LabelMe	University of Bonn	2009-11	14M	Not recorded
LCNP MNIST		2009-11	12M	Not recorded
SVM-CNN	New York University (NYU)	2006-06	90,857	Closed
LMICA		2004-12	4M	Not recorded
Decision tree (classification)	Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs	2001-12	12,000 *	Not recorded
PoE MNIST	University College London (UCL)	2000-11	4M	Not recorded
LeNet-5	AT&T	1998-11	60,000	Not recorded
MUSIC perceptron		1996-06	13,607	Not recorded
Siamese-TDNN	Bell Laboratories	1993-08	744 *	Not recorded
SexNet compression		1990-10	72,940	Not recorded
Zip CNN	AT&T	1989-12	9,760	Not recorded
Handwritten digit recognition network	AT&T	1989-11	2,578	Not recorded
Invariant image recognition	Complutense University of Madrid	1989-06	—	Not recorded
Neocognitron	NHK Broadcasting Science Research Laboratories	1980-04	1M	Not recorded
Print Recognition Logic	IBM	1963-01	—	Not recorded
ADALINE	Stanford University	1960-06	17	Not recorded
Perceptron (1960)	Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory	1960-03	1,000 *	Not recorded

An asterisk marks a parameter figure the source does not consider traceable to the people who built the model. That judgement is the source’s and it has false negatives: Kimi K3 is marked speculative at 2.8T while Moonshot’s own model card states the figure. Why that distinction carries the whole exhibit.

Counts are of models Epoch AI records as notable, not of every model released. The most recent month is always incomplete, because a model enters the dataset when it is reviewed rather than when it ships.

Epoch AI, 'Data on AI Models'. Published online at epoch.ai. Retrieved from 'https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models-documentation' Used under CC BY 4.0.

How this museum is made

Frontier vision models

Releases

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Domain

Records