Closed-weight language models in 2023
21
Models
17 organisations
0%
Open weights
0 open, 21 closed
4
Frontier
By Epoch's flag
1.1T
Largest traceable
PanGu-Σ
2023
Span
8 with a traceable size
Releases
by monthOrganisation
Country
Records
21| Model | Organisation | Released | Parameters | Weights |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GQA-8-XXL | Google Research | 2023-12 | 11B | Closed |
| AndesGPT | Oppo Mobile Telecommunications | 2023-11 | — | Closed |
| Claude 2.1 | Anthropic | 2023-11 | — | Closed |
| Cohere Embed | Cohere | 2023-11 | — | Closed |
| Inflection-2 | Inflection AI | 2023-11 | — | Closed |
| PPLX-70B-Online | Perplexity | 2023-11 | 70B * | Closed |
| RoFormer | Zhuiyi Technology | 2023-11 | 110M | Closed |
| CODEFUSION (Python) | Microsoft | 2023-10 | 75M | Closed |
| Amazon Titan | Amazon | 2023-09 | 200B * | Closed |
| GPT-3.5 Turbo Instruct | OpenAI | 2023-09 | 20B * | Closed |
| Claude 2 | Anthropic | 2023-07 | — | Closed |
| GPT3-2.7B (FlashAttention-2) | Stanford University | 2023-07 | 3B | Closed |
| InternLM | Shanghai AI Lab | 2023-07 | 104B | Closed |
| ERNIE 3.5 | Baidu | 2023-06 | — | Closed |
| GPT-3.5 Turbo | OpenAI | 2023-06 | 20B * | Closed |
| LTM-1 | Magic | 2023-06 | — | Closed |
| DPO on Pythia-2.8B | Stanford University | 2023-05 | 3B | Closed |
| PaLM 2 | 2023-05 | 340B * | Closed | |
| BloombergGPT | Bloomberg | 2023-03 | 51B | Closed |
| Claude | Anthropic | 2023-03 | — | Closed |
| PanGu-Σ | Huawei Noah's Ark Lab | 2023-03 | 1.1T | Closed |
An asterisk marks a parameter figure the source does not consider traceable to the people who built the model. That judgement is the source’s and it has false negatives: Kimi K3 is marked speculative at 2.8T while Moonshot’s own model card states the figure. Why that distinction carries the whole exhibit.
Counts are of models Epoch AI records as notable, not of every model released. The most recent month is always incomplete, because a model enters the dataset when it is reviewed rather than when it ships.
Epoch AI, 'Data on AI Models'. Published online at epoch.ai. Retrieved from 'https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models-documentation' Used under CC BY 4.0.