Closed-weight frontier language models
28
Models
17 organisations
0%
Open weights
0 open, 28 closed
28
Frontier
By Epoch's flag
540B
Largest traceable
PaLM (540B)
2016–2025
Span
14 with a traceable size
Records
28| Model | Organisation | Released | Parameters | Weights |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grok 4 | xAI | 2025-07 | 3.0T * | Closed |
| GPT-4.5 | OpenAI | 2025-02 | — | Closed |
| Grok 3 | xAI | 2025-02 | 3.0T * | Closed |
| GLM-4-Plus | Z.ai (Zhipu AI) | 2024-08 | — | Closed |
| Grok-2 | xAI | 2024-08 | — | Closed |
| Gemini 1.5 Pro | Google DeepMind | 2024-02 | — | Closed |
| Inflection-2 | Inflection AI | 2023-11 | — | Closed |
| Amazon Titan | Amazon | 2023-09 | 200B * | Closed |
| Claude 2 | Anthropic | 2023-07 | — | Closed |
| PaLM 2 | 2023-05 | 340B * | Closed | |
| Flan-PaLM 540B | 2022-10 | 540B | Closed | |
| U-PaLM (540B) | 2022-10 | 540B | Closed | |
| Minerva (540B) | 2022-06 | 540B | Closed | |
| PaLM (540B) | Google Research | 2022-04 | 540B | Closed |
| GPT-3.5 (davinci-002) | OpenAI | 2022-03 | — | Closed |
| ERNIE 3.0 Titan | Baidu | 2021-12 | 260B | Closed |
| Gopher (280B) | DeepMind | 2021-12 | 280B | Closed |
| Megatron-Turing NLG 530B | Microsoft | 2021-10 | 530B | Closed |
| Yuan 1.0 | Inspur | 2021-10 | 246B | Closed |
| FLAN 137B | Google Research | 2021-09 | 137B | Closed |
| HyperCLOVA 204B | NAVER | 2021-09 | 204B * | Closed |
| Jurassic-1-Jumbo | AI21 Labs | 2021-08 | 178B | Closed |
| GShard (dense) | 2020-06 | 2B | Closed | |
| GPT-3 175B (davinci) | OpenAI | 2020-05 | 175B | Closed |
| Meena | Google Brain | 2020-01 | 3B | Closed |
| Megatron-BERT | NVIDIA | 2019-09 | 4B | Closed |
| Megatron-LM (8.3B) | NVIDIA | 2019-09 | 8B * | Closed |
| GNMT | 2016-09 | 278M * | Closed |
An asterisk marks a parameter figure the source does not consider traceable to the people who built the model. That judgement is the source’s and it has false negatives: Kimi K3 is marked speculative at 2.8T while Moonshot’s own model card states the figure. Why that distinction carries the whole exhibit.
Counts are of models Epoch AI records as notable, not of every model released. The most recent month is always incomplete, because a model enters the dataset when it is reviewed rather than when it ships.
Epoch AI, 'Data on AI Models'. Published online at epoch.ai. Retrieved from 'https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models-documentation' Used under CC BY 4.0.