Frontier language models from Google
15
Models
1 organisations
40%
Open weights
4 open, 6 closed
15
Frontier
By Epoch's flag
1.6T
Largest traceable
Switch
2007–2023
Span
9 with a traceable size
Organisation
Country
Domain
Records
15| Model | Organisation | Released | Parameters | Weights |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PaLM 2 | 2023-05 | 340B * | Closed | |
| Flan-PaLM 540B | 2022-10 | 540B | Closed | |
| U-PaLM (540B) | 2022-10 | 540B | Closed | |
| Minerva (540B) | 2022-06 | 540B | Closed | |
| Switch | 2021-01 | 1.6T | Open | |
| mT5-XXL | 2020-10 | 13B | Open | |
| GShard (dense) | 2020-06 | 2B | Closed | |
| T5-11B | 2019-10 | 11B | Open | |
| T5-3B | 2019-10 | 3B | Open | |
| GNMT | 2016-09 | 278M * | Closed | |
| SNM-skip | 2014-12 | 62B * | Not recorded | |
| Seq2Seq LSTM | 2014-09 | 2B | Not recorded | |
| DistBelief NNLM | 2013-01 | — | Not recorded | |
| KN-LM | 2007-06 | 21B * | Not recorded | |
| SB-LM | 2007-06 | 300B * | Not recorded |
An asterisk marks a parameter figure the source does not consider traceable to the people who built the model. That judgement is the source’s and it has false negatives: Kimi K3 is marked speculative at 2.8T while Moonshot’s own model card states the figure. Why that distinction carries the whole exhibit.
Counts are of models Epoch AI records as notable, not of every model released. The most recent month is always incomplete, because a model enters the dataset when it is reviewed rather than when it ships.
Epoch AI, 'Data on AI Models'. Published online at epoch.ai. Retrieved from 'https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models-documentation' Used under CC BY 4.0.